English Grammar Centre

Adjectives

2010-08-16T16:31:00.000-07:00

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. a, an, and the — are adjectives.

the tall professor
a solid commitment
an amazing place
the richest man

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an adjective clause. ex:

My sister, who is beautiful is a model

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

2009-09-29T20:28:00.000-07:00

The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future.

Formula:

S + Will have + V3 (+)
S + Will + not + have + V3 (-)
Will + S + have + V3? (?)

Example:
Joe will have gone to school (+)
Joe will not have gone to school (-)
Will Joe have gone to school? (?)

The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:

The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.

Look at some more examples:

1. You can call me at work at 10am. I will have arrived at the office by 10.
2. Peter will be tired when he arrives. He will not have slept for a long time.
3. "Mary won't be at home when you arrive."
"Really? Where will she have gone?"

You can sometimes think of the future perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of your viewpoint being in the present.

PAST FUTURE CONINUOUS

2009-09-12T11:14:00.000-07:00

Past future continuous tense is used to denote activities or events that will being done at a certain time in the past.

Formula:
(+) S + would + be + V-ing
(-) S + would + not + be + V-ing
(?) Would + S + be + V-ing

Example:
I would be studying mathematics at 9 o’clock last night.
She would not be watering the garden at this the day last week.
Would you be watching movie at 7 o’clock yesterday morning?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

2009-09-02T00:55:00.000-07:00

Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been…" and "be going to have been…" Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will"
S + will have been + Ving
Examples:
• You will have been waiting for more than an hour when her plane finally arrives.
• Will you have been waiting for more than an hour when her plane finally arrives?
• You will not have been waiting for more than an hour when her plane finally arrives.

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"
S + am/is/are + going to have been + present participle
Examples:
• You are going to have been waiting for more than an hour when her bus finally arrives.
• Are you going to have been waiting for more than an hour when her bus finally arrives?
• You are not going to have been waiting for more than an hour when her bus finally arrives.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning.

We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.

Examples:

• We will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
• She is going to have been working at that company for five years when it finally closes.
• James will have been studying at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.
• How long will you have been studying when you graduate?

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect.

Examples:
• Jason will be so tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.
• John's English will be very good when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

2009-08-24T08:25:00.000-07:00

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE is like SIMPLE FUTURE. Just add be + Ving

s + Will + be + Ving
or
S + be + going to + Ving

EX:
I will be reading
I 'm going to be reading
For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will.

When we use the future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will
Ex:
I'll
You'll

For spoken negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we contract with won't
The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment.
For example, tomorrow I will start study at 6pm and stop study at 8pm.

When we use the future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about.

Ex:
I will be playing football at 6 am tomorrow.
I'm going to be watching TV at 9 pm tonight.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

2009-08-16T09:39:00.000-07:00

S + had been + Ving (+)
S + had + not + been + Ving (-)
Had + S + been Ving? (?)
Examples:
• We had been waiting here for more than two hours when he finally arrived.
• Had you been waiting here for more than two hours when he finally arrived?
• We had not been waiting here for more than two hours when he finally arrived.

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

Examples:
• They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
• Alice had been working at that company for five years when it went out of business.
• How long had you been waiting to get on the taxy?
• James had been teaching at the school for more than two years before he left for Asia.

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

Examples:
• Jason was tired because he had been working.
• Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
• Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending lesson.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUS

2009-08-10T05:19:00.000-07:00

S + has/have + been + present participle (+)
S + has/have + been + not + present participle (-)
Has/have + S + been + present participle? (?)

Examples:
•I have been studying here for two hours.
•Have I been studying here for two hours?
•I have not been studying here for two hours.

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

Examples:
•James has been teaching at the school since August.
•We have been waiting here for an hour

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.
Examples:
•Recently, I have been feeling so tired.
•She has been watching tha movie lately.
•Lisa has not been practicing her English skill.

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

ADVERB

2009-08-03T01:19:00.000-07:00

Adverbs are words used to describe or modify verbs. They give more information about a verb. Use adverbs to make your writing more interesting.

He's walking quickly.
He's walking carefully.
He's walking fast.
He's walking slowly.
He's walking hurriedly.

"Quickly, carefully, slowly, fast, hurriedly" are all adverbs.

Adverbs give information about the time, place and manner of the action.

Frank worked more two days ago. (WHEN)
Steve works in the office. (WHERE)
She works well together. (HOW)

Most adverbs have -ly at the end.

Happy (adjctive) >> Happily (adverb).
Careful (adjective) >> Carefully (adverb).
Beautiful (adjective) >> Beautyfully (adverb).

Some adverbs are irregular.

Early >> Early
Good >> Well
Hard >> Hard
Fast >> Fast

Adverbs have many possible positions within a sentence.

Quickly, she finished her homework.
She quickly finished her homework
She finished her homework quickly.

Adverbs can be used to compare actions.

Frank works more quickly than George.
Steve works more carefully than Alice.
Which worker works more efficiently?

Adverbs can be used to modify adjectives.

Paul is a very good student.
Sandy is frequently busy.
Our parents is always patient with us.

WORD ORDER

2009-08-03T00:22:00.000-07:00

word order is the command to someone to do something.

Form in Positive Sentence
V1 + .....!

blank space above can be filled by noun or other object, etc and it can be not filled.

Example:
Go !
Come in !
Close the door !
Open your dictionary !

Form in Negative Sentence
Don't + V1 + .....!

blank space above can be filled by noun or other object, etc and it can be not filled.

Example:
Don't eat !
Don't take that book !
Don't buy that magazine !

Word Order in Nominal Sentence

Form
Be + ....! (+)
Don't + be + ....! (-)

blank space above can be filled by noun or other object, etc and it can be not filled.

Example:
Be a good student.
Be your self.
Don't be angry.
Don't be a lazy man

In the use of the sentence, can also be added the words "please" at the beginning or end of the sentence that serves to refine the command.

Example:
Stand up, please !
Please go out !
Don't talk loudly, please !

PASSIVE VOICE

2009-08-01T15:58:00.000-07:00

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake)

Form of Passive voice

O + be + V3 + by + S
ex: I was helped by her.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

1. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentencethe finite form of
2. The verb is changed (to be + past participle / V3)
3. The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive Voice

Simple Present
Active : George draws a flower.
Passive : A flower is drawn by George.

Simple Past
Active : George drew a flower.
Passive : A flower was drawn by George.

Present Perfect
Active : George has drawn a flower.
Passive : A flower has been drawn by George.

Past Perfect
Active : George had drawn a flower.
Passive : A flower had been drawn by George.

Present Progressive
Active : George is drawing a flower.
Passive : A flower is being drawn by George.

Past Progressive
Active : George was drawing a flower.
Passive : A flower was being drawn by George.

Simple Future
Active : George will draw a flower.
Passive : A flower will be drawn by George.

Past Future
Active : George would draw a flower.
Passive : A flower would be drawn by George.

SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE

2009-07-26T02:28:00.000-07:00

A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things.

In the example below, "biggest" is the superlative form of the adjective "big"

Formation of Superlative Adjectives

As with comparative adjectives, there are two ways to form a superlative adjective:

* short adjectives: add "-est"
* long adjectives: use "most"

We also usually add 'the' at the beginning.

Short Adjective

1-syllable adjectives

2-syllable adjectives ending in -y

Normal rule add "-est"

Ex:
big > the biggest, old > the oldest, tall > the tallest
happy > the happiest

note:

if the adjective ends in -e, just add -st
if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, double the last consonant
if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i

Long adjectives

2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y

all adjectives of 3 or more syllables

Normal rule: use "most"

Ex :

beautyfull > the most beautyfull

expensive > the most expensive

We use a superlative adjective to describe one thing in a group of three or more things. Look at these examples:

• John is 1m75. David is 1m80. Chris is 1m85.
Chris is the tallest.
• Canada, China and Russia are big countries.
But Russia is the biggest.
• Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

PAST PROGRESSIVE

2009-07-25T07:50:00.000-07:00

Present progressive is different with past progressive. Past progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past.

Form
S + was/were + Ving ( + )
S + was/were + not + Ving ( - )
Was/were + S + Ving

Example :

I was speaking.
I was not speaking.
Was I speaking?

You were speaking.
You were not speaking.
Were you speaking?

Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example

final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) come – coming
(but: agree – agreeing)
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit – sitting
l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel – travelling
final ie becomes y lie – lying

Use of Past Progressive

• puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past
Example: He was playing football in the yard.
• two actions happening at the same time (in the past)
Example: While she was preparing breakfast, he was washing the car.
• action going on at a certain time in the past
Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

Signal Words of Past Progressive

• when, while, as long as

PAST FUTURE

2009-07-25T07:23:00.000-07:00

Like Simple Future, Future in the Past has two different forms in English: "would" and "be ( was / were ) going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two different meanings.

FORM Would
[would + VERB]
Examples:
• I knew you would take me.
• I knew you would not take me.

FORM Be ( Was/Were ) Going To

[was/were + going to + VERB]

Examples:
• I thought you were going to go to my home.
• I thought you were not going to go to my home.

Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is used to volunteer or promise, and "was going to" is used to plan. Moreover, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future.

Examples:
• I told you he was going to come to my home. plan
• I knew Julie would make dinner party. voluntary action
• Jane said Sam was going to bring his girlfriend with him, but he came alone. plan
• I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be bored. prediction
• He promised he would send a letter from Egypt. promise

REMEMBER NO FUTURE IN TIME CLAUSES

Like all future forms, Future in the Past cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of using Future in the Past, you must use Simple Past.

Nominal Sentence

FORM

would + be + adj/adv/n
be ( was/were ) going to + be + adj/adv/n

Example:

I thought the party would be bored
I thought the party was going to be bored

PAST PERFECT

2009-05-21T22:54:00.000-07:00

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Ex:
he had visited the city several times.
we had not booked in advance.
Had you ever visited U.S.A.?

Formula:
Verbal
S + had + past participle (V3).
S + had + not + past participle.
had + S + past participle.

Nominal
S + had + been + adv, adj, or noun.
S + had + been + not + adv, adj, or noun.
Had + S + been + adv, adj, or noun.

we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.

Examples:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 2003 before she moved in with them in 2006.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 2003 before she moved in with them in 2006.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

2009-04-18T00:58:00.000-07:00

Comparison of Adjectives
Function: To compare people, places, events or things, when there is no difference.

Formula :
AS + ADJECTIVE + AS

examples:
George is as handsome as Raphael.
Einstein is as famous as Darwin.
A tiger is as dangerous as a lion.

Formula:
NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS

Function: Difference can also be shown by using not so/as ...as:

horse is not as high as Girraffe
A bicycle is not as expensive as a motorcycle
James is not as intelligent as Jacky

COMPARATIVE + THAN

2009-04-18T00:46:00.000-07:00

Function: To compare the difference between two people, things or events.

Examples:
Mt. Everest is higher than Mt. Blanc.
Europe is cold than Mesir.
A Motorcycle is more expensive than a bicycle.

COMPARISONS OF QUANTITY

Function:
To show difference: more, less, fewer + than

Examples:
With countable nouns: more / fewer

1. Bruce has more children than Joe.
2. Joe has fewer children than Bruce.
3. There are fewer dogs in Cardiff than in Bristol
4. I have visited fewer beach than my friend has.
5. She has read fewer books than she has.

With uncountable nouns: more / less
1. Bruce has more money than Joe.
2. Joe has less money than Bruce.
3. I spend less time on homework than you do.
4. Lion eat much meat than cats.

So, the Formula is:
MORE + nouns that are countable or uncountableFEWER + countable nounsLESS + uncountable nouns

To show no difference: as much as , as many as, as few as, as little as

Formula:
as many as / as few as + countable nouns
as much as / as little as + uncountable nouns

Examples:
With countable nouns:

1. They have as many children as us.
2. We have as many fans as them.
3. Jerry has as few magazine as Jammy.
4. There are as few houses in his village as in mine.
5. I have visited the States as many times as he has.

With uncountable nouns:

1. Joe eats as much meatball as Jean.
2. Jenny has as little dog as Sam.
3. You've heard as much news as I have.
4. He's had as much girlfriend as his brother has.
5. They've got as little water as we have.

ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY

2009-04-18T00:36:00.000-07:00

Function: These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.

Common adverbs of certainty:
certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely

Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb but after the verb 'to be':

Examples:
1. He definitely left the village this night.
2. He is probably in the house.

With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the main verb:

Examples:
1. He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
2. He will probably remember tomorrow.

Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence
example:
1. Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.

BE CAREFUL! with surely. When it is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation:
Example:
1.Surely you've got a motorcycle?

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

2009-04-15T19:07:00.000-07:00

The present progressive is formed by combining the verb "to be" with the present participle. (The present participle is merely the "-ing" form of a verb.)

Pattern:
S + be + V1 + ing (+)
S + be + V1 + ing + not (-)
be + S + V1 + ing? (?)

be (am, is, are)

ex:
I am walking.
I am not walking.
Am I walking?.

We are reading.
We are not reading.
Are We reading?

She is singing.
She is not singing.
Is She singing?

In English, present progressive can be used to describe what is happening now, or what will happen in the future.

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Sometimes, the Present Continuous (Progressive) used to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
Ex: I am not going to the birthdayparty tonight.

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Ex: She is always coming to class earlier.

SIMPLE FUTURE

2009-03-23T00:28:00.000-07:00

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

Verbal
Pattern “will”
S + will + V1 (+)
S + will + not + V1 (-)
Will + S + V1 (?)

Ex:
I will sleep
I will not (won't) sleep
Will I sleep?

Pattern “ Be(am/is/are) + goimg to”
S + be + going to + V1 (+)
S + be + going to + not + V1 (-)
Be + going to + V1 (?)

Ex:
I am going to go to Roma
I am not going to go to Roma
Am I going to go to Roma?

Nominal

“will”
S + will + be + non verb

“be + going to”
S + be + going to + be + nonverbal

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Ex: I will send you the money when I get it.

"Will" is usually used in promises. Ex: Don't worry, I'll be careful.

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Ex: Azka is going to spend his vacation in New York.

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Ex:
SBY will be the next President.
SBY is going to be the next President

PRESENT PERFECT

2009-03-12T01:04:00.000-07:00

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Ex:
We have seen that movie many times.
Have we seen that movie many times?
We have not seen that movie many times.

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Ex:
You have had a cold for two weeks.
Marry has been in Indonesia for six months.
John has loved chocolate since she was a little boy.

1. You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Ex:
I have been to England.
I think I have visited that place before.
Tom has never gone by train.

2. We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Ex:
She has grown since the last time I saw her.
My Javanese has really improved since I moved to Solo.

3. We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Ex:
Mummy has walked on the Moon.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

4. We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Ex:
Jane has not finished his homework yet.
Amy has still not arrived.

5. We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Ex:
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
The army has attacked Gaza city seven times.

Pattern:
S + have/has + V3 (+)
S + have/has + not + V3 (-)
Have/has + S + V3 (?)

Ex:
Rino has missed the bus.
Rino has not missed the bus.
Has Rino missed the bus?

I have seen the movie before.
I have not seen the movie before.
Have you seen the movie before?

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

2009-03-09T01:28:00.000-07:00

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as ”used to”. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression “used to”.

Pattern:

Verbal

S + V2 (+)
S + did not + V1 (-)
Did + S + V2? (?)

Example
I ate a banana
I did not eat a banana
Did I eat a banana?

Nominal
S + was/were + adj/n/adv (+)
S + was/were + not + adj/n/adv (-)
Was/were + S + adj/n/adv? (?)

Example
He was late
He was not late
Was he late?

We were here
We were not here
Were we here?

SIMPLE PRESENT

2009-02-05T01:16:00.000-08:00

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

FORM: Verbal Sentence

S + V + s/es (+)
S + do/does + not (-)
Do/does + S + V (?)

Example:
I run.
I do not run.
Do I run?

She runs
She does not run
Does she run?

FORM: Nominal Sentence

S + be (am,is,are) + adj, adv, noun. (+)
S + be + not + adj, adv, noun. (-)
Be + S + adj, adv, noun? (?)

Example:
I’m handsome.
I’m not handsome.
Am I handsome?

You are smart.
You are not smart.
Are you smart?

She is beautiful.
She is not beautiful.
Is She beautiful?